Floor / CPA with Aggregators
- Minimum revenue (floor) + upside participation
- Aggregator-backed contracts (FCR/aFRR, redispatch, intraday)
- Risk sharing via fixed fee + performance bonus
- Bankable settlement, monthly transparency
Merchant & Energy Trading
- Day-ahead / intraday arbitrage with EMS dispatch
- Balancing markets: FCR, aFRR, mFRR
- Dynamic SoC / degradation controls to protect assets
- Hedging with seasonal strategies
Hybrid PV + BESS
- Curtailment relief & self-consumption optimization
- BtM or FtM with PPA coupling and grid-code compliance
- Revenue stacking: arbitrage + balancing + peak shaving
- Improved CAPEX utilization and grid stability
Storage-as-a-Service
- No CAPEX — pay per performance
- SLAs ≥ 98% availability, penalties for shortfall
- Full O&M, monitoring, warranty management
- Option to convert into ownership later
EPC+F / BOT Models
- Turnkey delivery with financing options
- Fixed-price EPC; OPEX 2–3% of CAPEX
- Build-Operate-Transfer / BOO / leasing structures
- Exits at COD or years 5–7 (secondary)
PPA-Linked Storage
- Storage integrated into long-term PPAs
- Hedging + flexibility; higher capture price
- Revenue stacking inside PPA framework
- EU Taxonomy / ESG-aligned structures
